The impact of Auto/Oil I and II on refinery costs and global CO2 emissions.

Under the Auto/Oil I (AO I) study work in 1996, the EU commission contracted A.D. Little associated with Touche Ross to provide the basis for the cost effects of changes to gasoline and diesel fuels characteristics. The AO I programme finally resulted in a full set of specifications for application in 2000 with a limited number of properties to be further tightened by 2005.

The calculated cost of the 2005 package for the then 12 EU Member States was estimated at US$ 34 billion (G$34) in terms of Net Present Value (NPV) of the combined investment and annual operating costs over a period of 15 years.