In response to concerns over the contribution of international shipping to air pollution, during the 1990s, the International Maritime Organization of the United Nations developed an annex to the MARPOL Convention covering air pollution from ships (Annex VI). This...
Biofuels can, in principle, provide a renewable source of energy and, by displacing fossil fuels, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. However, the biofuels production process itself consumes energy and emits greenhouse gases. To identify what the...
The European Commission’s proposed update of Fuels Directive 98/70/EC includes the gradual introduction of sulphur-free fuels from 2005 to enable the use of advanced exhaust after treatment technologies but does not propose further changes to other fuel properties....
The draft 2005 Fuels Directive, proposed by the European Commission in May 2001 (updating 98/70/EC), included a consolidation of the requirements for non-road diesel, but did not impose any more stringent limits on this fuel. Amongst its amendments to the Commission’s...
The integrity and reliability of cross-country oil pipelines is vital to the European economy. One quarter of Europe’s refineries are situated inland and depend entirely on pipelines for their crude oil feedstocks. Major oil fields in Russia and the North Sea...
