In response to concerns over the contribution of international shipping to air pollution, during the 1990s, the International Maritime Organization of the United Nations developed an annex to the MARPOL Convention covering air pollution from ships (Annex VI). This...
Historically, environmental legislation has been driven by either ‘available technology’ or ‘environmental quality’. In the former approach, available technology is applied to progressively reduce emissions of the pollutants of concern. It implies that a common...
In response to growing concern over urban air quality in the European Union, the 90s saw an unprecedented legislative focus on reducing emissions from road transport. The Consolidated Vehicles Directive (CVD) and its revision (Council Directives 91/441/EEC and...
The European ‘Stage 1’ Directive 94/63/EC on the control of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions mandates the installation of vapour emission controls for automotive gasoline storage and loading of road and rail tankers and inland waterway barges. Ship loading...
Particulate matter (PM) in the air continues to be the focus of increased attention due to concerns over potential health effects. Under the EU Air Quality Framework Directive an air quality standard has been defined with respect to PM10 with a review planned in 2003....
