Reducing the sulphur content of residual marine fuels
The legislative context Residual fuel is a commodity used by sea-going vessels the world over. The quality specifications of residual marine or ‘bunker’ fuels (RMF) result essentially from self regulation of the industry and agreements between producers and consumers....
Hydrogen
The concerns about global warming and greenhouse effect have, quite justifiably, fueled the search for ‘carbon-free’ energy sources to curb CO2 emissions. Road transport is a major user of energy and virtually all of it is based on relatively ‘carbon-intensive’ fossil...
Carbon, sulphur and hydrogen in oil refineries
Accurately calculating the global carbon balance in oil refinery and petroleum product end-use systems is a challenge of nightmare proportions. All except the lightest of the output streams are of uncertain and variable chemical composition. Oil refining deals with...